The Arab slave trade was the practice of slavery in the Arab worldmainly in Western AsiaNorth AfricaSoutheast Africathe Horn of Africa and Europe. This barter occurred chiefly between the medieval era and the early 21st century.

The trade was conducted through slave markets in these areas, with the slaves captured mostly from Africa's interior. The trade of slaves across the Sahara and across the Indian Ocean also has a long history, beginning with the control of sea routes by Muslim Arab and Swahili traders on the Swahili Coast during the ninth century see Sultanate of Zanzibar. These traders captured Bantu peoples Zanj from the interior in present-day KenyaMozambique and Tanzania and brought them to the littoral.

Some historians assert that as many as 17 million people were sold into slavery on the coast of the Indian Ocean, the Middle East, and North Africa, and approximately 5 million African slaves were bought by Muslim slave traders and taken from Africa across the Red SeaIndian Oceanand Sahara desert between and The captives were sold throughout the Middle East.

This trade accelerated as superior ships led to more trade and greater demand for labour on plantations in the region. Eventually, tens of thousands of captives were being taken every year. To meet the demand for menial labor, Bantu slaves bought by Arab slave traders from southeastern Africa were sold in cumulatively large numbers over the centuries to customers in EgyptArabiathe Persian GulfIndiaEuropean colonies in the Far Eastthe Indian Ocean islandsEthiopia and Somalia.

Slave labor in East Africa was drawn from the ZanjBantu peoples that lived along the East African coast. The Umayyad and Abbasid caliphs recruited many Zanj slaves as soldiers and, as early asthere were slave revolts of the Zanj against their Arab enslavers in Iraq see Zanj Rebellion. Ancient Chinese texts also mention ambassadors from Java presenting the Chinese emperor with two Seng Chi Zanj slaves as gifts, and Seng Chi slaves reaching China from the Hindu kingdom of Srivijaya in Java.

The Zanj Rebelliona series of uprisings that took place between and AD near the city of Basra also known as Basarasituated in present-day Iraqis believed to have involved enslaved Zanj that had originally been captured from the African Great Lakes region and areas further south in East Africa. The resulting labor shortage led to an increased slave market. It is certain that large numbers of slaves were exported from eastern Africa ; the best evidence for this is the magnitude of the Zanj revolt in Iraq in the 9th century, though not all of the slaves involved were Zanj.

Wealthy proprietors "had received extensive grants of tidal land on the condition that they would make it arable. Zanj also worked the salt mines of Mesopotamiaespecially around Basra. Their jobs were to clear away the nitrous topsoil that made the land arable. The working conditions were also considered to be extremely harsh and miserable. Many other people were imported into the region, besides Zanj. Shaban has argued that rebellion was not a slave revolt, but a revolt of blacks zanj.

In his opinion, although a few runaway slaves did join the revolt, the majority of the participants were Arabs and free Zanj. If the revolt had been led by slaves, they would have lacked the necessary resources to combat the Abbasid government for as long as they did. Muslims also enslaved Europeans.

According to Robert Davis, between 1 million and 1. They were also taken from ships stopped by the pirates. The effects of these attacks were devastating: France, England, and Spain each lost thousands of ships. Long stretches of the Spanish and Italian coasts were almost completely abandoned by their inhabitants, because of frequent pirate attacks. Pirate raids discouraged settlement along the coast until the 19th century.

Periodic Muslim raiding expeditions were sent from Islamic Iberia to ravage the Christian Iberian kingdoms, bringing back slaves.

Patrick Manning writes that although the "Oriental" or "Arab" slave trade is sometimes called the "Islamic" slave tradea religious imperative was not the driver of the slavery. He further argues such use of the terms "Islamic trade" or "Islamic world" erroneously treats Africa as being outside Islam, or a negligible portion of the Islamic world.

The subject merges with the Oriental slave trade, which followed two main routes in the Middle Ages:. The Arab slave trade originated before Islam and lasted more than a millennium. The Arab trade of Zanj Bantu slaves in Southeast Africa is one of the oldest slave trades, predating the European transatlantic slave trade by years. Arab, African and Oriental traders were involved in the capture and transport of slaves northward across the Sahara desert and the Indian Ocean region into the Middle East, Persia and the Far East.

From the 7th century until around the s, the Arab slave trade continued in one form or another. Historical accounts and references to slave-owning nobility in Arabia, Yemen and elsewhere are frequent into the early s.

In during the Baqta treaty between the Christian state of Makuria and the Muslim rulers of Egypt, the Nubians agreed to give Arab traders more privileges of trade in addition to a share in their slave trading. In the Ottoman Empire during the midth century, slaves were traded in special marketplaces called "Esir" or "Yesir" that were located in most towns and cities. It is said that Sultan Mehmed II "the Conqueror" established the first Ottoman slave market in Constantinople in the s, probably where the former Byzantine slave market had stood.

According to Nicolas de Nicolaythere were slaves of all ages and both sexes, they were displayed naked to be thoroughly checked by possible buyers. Collectively, these Bantu groups are known as Mushunguliwhich is a term taken from Mzigulathe Zigua tribe's word for "people" the word holds multiple implied meanings including "worker", "foreigner", and "slave".

Bantu adult and children slaves referred to collectively as jareer by their Somali masters [39] were purchased in the slave market exclusively to do undesirable work on plantation grounds. In terms of legal considerations, Bantu slaves were devalued. Somali social mores strongly discouraged, censured and looked down upon any kind of sexual contact with Bantu slaves. Freedom for these plantation slaves was also often acquired through escape.

As part of a broader practice then common among slave owners in Northeast Africasome Somali masters in the hinterland near Mogadishu reportedly used to circumcise their female slaves so as to increase the latter's perceived value in the slave market. The Italian colonial administration abolished slavery in Somalia at the turn of the 20th century. Some Bantu groups, however, remained enslaved well until the s, and continued to be despised and discriminated against by large parts of Somali society.

In Ethiopia, during the second half of the 19th century and early 20th century, slaves shipped from there had a high demand in the markets of the Arabian peninsula and elsewhere in the Middle East.

They were mostly domestic servants, though some served as agricultural labourers, or as water carriers, herdsmen, seamen, camel drivers, porters, washerwomen, masons, shop assistants and cooks. The most fortunate of the men worked as the officials or bodyguards of the ruler and emirs, or as business managers for rich merchants.

They enjoyed significant personal freedom and occasionally held slaves of their own. Besides Javanese and Chinese girls brought in from the Far East, "red" non-black Ethiopian young females were among the most valued concubines. The most beautiful ones often enjoyed a wealthy lifestyle, and became mistresses of the elite or even mothers to rulers. The most important outlet for Ethiopian slaves was undoubtedly Massawa.

Trade routes from Gondarlocated in the Ethiopian Highlands led to Massawa via Adwa. Slave drivers from Gondar took slaves in a single trip to Massawa, the majority of whom were female. A small number of eunuchs were also acquired by the slave traders in the southern parts of Ethiopia.

They served in the harems of the affluent or guarded holy sites. However, the majority came from the Badi Folia principality in the Jimma region, situated to the southeast of Enarea. In the Central African Republic, during the 16th and 17th centuries Muslim slave traders began to raid the region as part of the expansion of the Saharan and Nile River slave routes. Their captives were slaved and shipped to the Mediterranean coast, Europe, Arabia, the Western Hemisphere, or to the slave ports and factories along the West and North Africa or South the Ubanqui and Congo rivers.

Timeline of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

The Arab slave trade in the Indian Ocean, Red Sea, and Mediterranean Sea long predated the arrival of any significant number of Europeans on the African continent. Some descendants of African slaves brought to the Middle East during the slave-trade still live there today, and are aware of their African origins.

The North African slave markets traded also in European slaves. The European slaves were acquired by Barbary pirates in slave raids on ships and by raids on coastal towns from Italy to Spain, Portugal, France, England, the Netherlands, and as far afield as Iceland.

Men, women, and children were captured to such a devastating extent that vast numbers of sea coast towns were abandoned. Ohio State University history Professor Robert Davis describes the white slave trade as minimized by most modern historians in his book Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, Palgrave Macmillan.

Davis estimates that 1 million to 1. When the European slave trade ended around the s, the slave trade to the east picked up significantly only to be ended with European colonization of Africa around InSwiss explorer Johann Burckhardt wrote of his travels in Egypt and Nubiawhere he saw the practice of slave trading: I may venture to state, that very few female slaves who have passed their tenth year, reach Egypt or Arabia in a state of virginity.

David Livingstone wrote of the slave trade in the African Great Lakes region, which he visited in the mid-nineteenth century: We passed a slave woman shot or stabbed through the body and lying on the path. We passed a woman tied by the neck to a tree and dead We came upon a man dead from starvation The strangest disease I have seen in this country seems really to be broken heartedness, and it attacks free men who have been captured and made slaves.

Livingstone wrote in a letter to the editor of the New York Herald:. And if my disclosures regarding the terrible Ujijian slavery should lead to the suppression of the East Coast slave trade, I shall regard that as a greater matter by far than the discovery of all the Nile sources together. During the Second Sudanese Civil War people were taken into slavery; estimates of abductions range from 14, toInslaves accompanied sheikhs from Qatar attending the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II and they did so again on another visit five years later.

Arabs were sometimes made into slaves in the Muslim world. In Mecca, Arab women were sold as slaves according to Ibn Butlanand certain rulers in West Africa had slave girls of Arab origin.

Arabic was spoken make loadsamoney online the Damascus slave girl of Arab origin to Ibn Battuta in Mali. Islamic Sharia law allowed slavery but prohibited slavery involving other preexisting Muslims; as a result, the main target for slavery were the people karachi stock exchange gold rates lived in the frontier areas of Islam in Africa.

Once taken as slaves, they had to be dealt with in accordance with Islamic law especially during the Umayyad and Abbasid eras. They also could not be forced to earn money for their masters unless with an agreement between the slave and the master. If slaves agree to that and they would like the money they earn to be counted toward their emancipationthen this has to be written in the form of a contract between the slave and the master.

The framework of Islamic civilization was a well-developed network of towns and oasis trading centers with the market souqbazaar at its heart. These towns were inter-connected by a system of roads crossing semi-arid regions or deserts.

The routes were traveled by convoys, and slaves formed part of this caravan traffic.

In contrast to the Atlantic slave trade, where the male-female ratio was 2: This suggests a general preference for female slaves. Concubinage and reproduction served as incentives for importing female slaves often Caucasianthough many were also imported mainly for performing household tasks. According to one professor, Abdelmajid Hannoum at Wesleyan University, the view that Arab scholars and geographers from this time period held racist attitudes are the result of mistranslations, stating that such attitudes were not prevalent until the 18th and 19th century.

Ibn Battuta who visited the ancient African kingdom of Mali in the midth century recounts that the local inhabitants vie with each other in the number of slaves and servants they have, and was himself given a slave boy as a "hospitality gift.

Across the Sahara, through the Red Sea, from the Indian Ocean ports and across the Atlantic. At least ten centuries of slavery for the benefit of the Muslim countries from the ninth to the nineteenth. In the 8th century, Africa was dominated by Arab-Berbers in the north: Islam moved southwards along the Nile and along the desert trails. There is historical evidence of North African Muslim slave raids all along the Mediterranean coasts across Christian Europe and beyond to even as far north as binary options bully system British Isles and Iceland see the book titled White Gold by Giles Milton.

Slaves were also brought into the Arab world via Central Asia, mainly of Turkic or Tartar origin. Many of these slaves later went on to serve in the armies forming an elite rank. Since Roman timeslong convoys had transported slaves as well as all sorts of products to be used for barter.

To protect against attacks from desert nomads, slaves were used as an escort. Salary forex trading desk who slowed down the progress of the caravan were killed. Historians know less about the sea routes. From the evidence of illustrated documents, and travellers' tales, it african slave trade in america timeline that people travelled on dhows or jalbasArab ships which were used as transport in the Red Sea.

Crossing the Indian Ocean required better organisation and more resources than overland transport. Ships coming from Zanzibar made stops on Socotra or at Aden before heading to the Persian Gulf or to India. Slaves were sold as far away as India, or even China: Although Chinese slave traders bought slaves Seng Chi i. One important commodity being transported by the Arab dhows to Somalia was slaves from other parts of East Africa.

During the nineteenth century, the East African slave trade grew enormously due to demands by Arabs, Portuguese, and French. Slave traders and raiders moved throughout eastern and central Africa to meet the rising demand for enslaved men, women, and children.

Somalia did not supply slaves -- as part of the Islamic world Somalis were at least nominally protected by the religious tenet that free Muslims cannot be enslaved -- but Arab dhows loaded with human cargo continually visited Somali ports.

Slaves were often bartered for objects of various kinds: In the Maghreb, they were swapped for horses. In the desert cities, lengths of cloth, pottery, Venetian glass slave beadsdyestuffs and jewels were used as payment. The trade in black slaves was part of a diverse commercial network. Alongside gold coins, cowrie shells from the Indian Ocean or the Atlantic CanariesLuanda were used as money throughout sub-saharan Africa merchandise was paid for with sacks of cowries.

Enslaved Africans were sold in the towns of the Arab World. Inal-Maqrizi told how pilgrims coming from Takrur near the Senegal River had brought 1, slaves with them to Mecca. In North Africa, the main slave markets were in Morocco, AlgiersTripoli and Cairo.

Sales were held in public places or in souks. Potential buyers made a careful examination of the "merchandise": In Cairo, transactions involving eunuchs and concubines happened in private houses. Prices varied according to the slave's quality. Thomas Smee, the commander of the British research ship Ternatevisited such a market in Zanzibar in and gave a detailed description:. The slaves, set off to the best advantage by having their skins cleaned and burnished with cocoa-nut oil, their faces painted with red and white stripes and the hands, noses, ears and feet ornamented with a profusion of bracelets of gold residual money makers silver and jewels, are ranged in a line, commencing with the youngest, and increasing to the rear according to their size and age.

At the head of this file, which is composed of all sexes and ages from 6 to 60, walks the person who owns them; behind and at each side, two or three of his domestic slaves, armed with swords and spears, serve as guard. Thus ordered the procession begins, and passes through the market-place and the principle streets The intending purchaser having ascertained there is no defect in the faculties of speech, hearing, etc.

From such scenes one turns away with pity and indignation. The history of the slave trade has given rise to numerous debates amongst historians. For one thing, specialists are undecided on the number of Africans taken from their homes; this is difficult to resolve because of a lack of reliable statistics: Archival material for the transatlantic trade in the 16th to 18th centuries may seem useful as a source, yet these record books were often falsified.

Historians have to use imprecise narrative documents to make estimates which must be treated with caution: Luiz Felipe de Alencastro states that there were 8 million slaves taken from Africa between the 8th and 19th centuries along the Oriental and the Trans-Saharan routes.

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